A huge challenge is planning for your retirement savings to outpace inflation.
Some of us may remember the “good old days,” when gasoline prices were as low as 25¢ per gallon. Others may recall when a can of soda cost 15¢. But prices tend to rise over time – sometimes steadily and sometimes abruptly. In the years ahead, inflation will most likely decrease the purchasing power of your money, which means that during retirement, your dollars will buy less than they do today.
It is easy to misinterpret inflation as the rise in the price of individual goods and services. However, inflation is the increase in the average price level of all goods and services.
For example, the price you pay for oranges may rise during the winter due to unseasonably cold temperatures in Florida. On the other hand, the average price of other items in your local supermarket, like peanut butter and paper towels, may remain relatively level. So, the increase in the price of oranges is not a result of inflation but, rather, a function of supply and demand.
Inflation is a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. This should not be confused with changes in individual prices, which fluctuate in response to supply and demand. Inflation occurs when most prices are rising to some degree across the board.
The impact of inflation on your investment portfolio depends on the kind of securities you hold. Stock prices generally keep pace with inflation. But the return on fixed interest investments, such as government or corporate bonds, will deteriorate during periods of rapid inflation. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure that your retirement savings keep pace with inflation.
Inflation can result when either:
1. The total of all goods and services demanded exceeds production or
2. The amount of all goods and services supplied by producers decreases.
Note how, as inflation is defined here, the supply and demand for oranges alone would not affect inflation. However, changes in supply and demand on a broader scale can result in inflation.
Consider the following economic scenario: suppose business is booming, unemployment is low, and the average worker’s wages increase. As a result, consumers have more disposable income available and may therefore be able to purchase more goods and services. Average prices tend to rise under these circumstances due to increased demand for all goods and services.
In another scenario, suppose the economy is suffering. As unemployment rises and wages remain stagnant, consumers may be unable to purchase additional goods and services. Production may then slow down, with prices going up to minimize the losses. In this cycle, average prices tend to rise due to a decrease in the supply of all goods and services.
It is important to keep in mind that individual consumers are not the only participants in the market that can affect the economy. Businesses, government agencies, and foreign markets also spend billions of dollars on U.S. goods and services. Their spending, or lack thereof, can equally influence increases or decreases in supply and demand that, in turn, can result in inflation.
To a certain extent, some inflation may signify a healthy economy. In fact, one of the economic policy goals of the U.S. government is to maintain an inflation rate ranging from 0% to 3% per year (2% is the stated goal). Too much inflation or no inflation at all can be a sign of troubling economic times. So one of the greatest challenges facing policymakers in making decisions that lead to the optimum level of inflation.
Two Federal economic policies are used in an attempt to control the economy. Fiscal policy, which falls under the auspices of Congress, uses taxation and spending to reach full employment, stabilize prices, and boost economic growth. In contrast, monetary policy, which is controlled by the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed), manipulates the money supply and short-term interest rates in an attempt to spur growth or control inflation.
Congress, and especially the Fed, look at the Consumer Price Index (CPI) when making policy decisions. The CPI is considered by many to be one of the best measurements of inflation. The CPI gauges the average change in prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services over a period of time. The CPI represents all goods and services purchased by urban consumers. Each month, the CPI is calculated, and constant fluctuations in the CPI will ultimately result in Congress or the Fed taking appropriate measures to regain control of inflation. Note that the Fed has the ability to react quickly. However, Congress must pass legislation, which requires debate and time before its fiscal decisions can be carried out.
In addition to creating higher costs for goods and services, inflation creates depreciation in currency values. So, as prices increase, the purchasing power of your income – dollar for dollar – decreases. During sound economic times, price increases will usually be accompanied by wage increases that are equal to, or greater than, inflation. However, during economic downturns, when wages remain level, the cost of living increases as your purchasing power diminishes.
Regardless of what state the economy is in, one of your most significant long-term financial challenges may be planning for your retirement savings to outpace inflation.
Therefore, it is always important to consider inflation, not only as you save but also as you make purchasing decisions.
Your financial advisor can help you plan.